Sunday, October 28, 2012

Douglas Osheroff (born 1945) is a physicist known for his work in experimental condensed matter physics, in particular for his co-discovery of superfluidity in Helium-3.
For his contributions he shared the 1996 Nobel Prize in Physics along with David Lee and Robert C. Richardson.
Osheroff joined the Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics at Cornell University as a graduate student, doing res
earch in low-temperature physics. Together with David Lee, the head of the laboratory, and Robert C. Richardson, Osheroff used a Pomeranchuk cell to investigate the behaviour of 3He at temperatures within a few thousandths of a degree of absolute zero. They discovered unexpected effects in their measurements, which they eventually explained as phase transitions to a
superfluid phase of 3He. Lee, Richardson and Osheroff were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1996 for this discovery.
Douglas Osheroff was selected to serve on the Space Shuttle Columbia investigation panel, serving much the same role as Richard Feynman did on the Space Shuttle Challenger panel.
He currently serves on the board of advisers of Scientists and Engineers for America, an organization focused on promoting sound science in American government.
"I certainly have no idea of what God might be, if he was some great deity that created the universe and defined the physical laws...umm, so be it. But I personally doubt that that God intervenes in my own life."
Douglas Osheroff (physicist)
Douglas Osheroff (born 1945) is a physicist known for his work in experimental condensed matter physics, in particular for his co-discovery of superfluidity in Helium-3.
For his contributions he shared the 1996 Nobel Prize in Physics along with David Lee and Robert C. Richardson.
Osheroff joined the Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics at Cornell University as a graduate student, doing research in low-temperature physics. Together with David Lee, the head of the laboratory, and Robert C. Richardson, Osheroff used a Pomeranchuk cell to investigate the behaviour of 3He at temperatures within a few thousandths of a degree of absolute zero. They discovered unexpected effects in their measurements, which they eventually explained as phase transitions to a
superfluid phase of 3He. Lee, Richardson and Osheroff were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1996 for this discovery.
Douglas Osheroff was selected to serve on the Space Shuttle Columbia investigation panel, serving much the same role as Richard Feynman did on the Space Shuttle Challenger panel.
He currently serves on the board of advisers of Scientists and Engineers for America, an organization focused on promoting sound science in American government.
"I certainly have no idea of what God might be, if he was some great deity that created the universe and defined the physical laws...umm, so be it. But I personally doubt that that God intervenes in my own life."
Douglas Osheroff (physicist)
A SHORT HISTORY OF MEDICINE


Joaquin Phoenix

October 28, 2012

On this date in 1974, Joaquin Phoenix was born to Children of God missionaries in San Juan, Puerto Rico. His family, while traveling throughout Central and South America, became disillusioned with Children of God, which the media referred to as a cult, and left the group when he was a small child. At age four, his family, which included siblings River, Rain, Liberty, and Summer, moved to Los Angeles where the Phoenix children sang and played music regularly, and eventually gained small roles on television. Joaquin's film debut was "SpaceCamp" (1986) but he landed his first successful role in 1989, in the Ron Howard film, "Parenthood." While his brother, River, was becoming a hot new star in Hollywood, Joaquin decided to leave the business, at age 15, and travel around Latin America. At 19, Joaquin was by 23-year-old River's side as he died of an overdose outside a Los Angeles night club.
Joaquin achieved great success in the 1990s with films such as "To Die For" (1995), "Inventing the Abbotts" (1997) and "Return to Paradise" (1998). His most critically acclaimed roles occurred in the next decade, with his Academy Award-nominated role as Commodus in "Gladiator" (2000), Mel Gibson's brother in "Signs" (2002), a reporter in "Hotel Rwanda" (2004) and the lead in "The Village" (2004). His most famous role, for which he earned an Academy Award nomination and a Golden Globe award, was playing country music legend, Johnny Cash, in "Walk the Line" (2005). After this portrayal, Joaquin had successful roles in "Reservation Road" (2007) and "Two Lovers" (2009). A lifelong vegan like his brother River, Joaquin has been a spokesperson for the Lunchbox Fund, which provides healthy meals to needy children, and People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. Outspoken about his atheism, Joaquin told the Sunday Times (UK) in April 1999, "I'm not into organized religion . . . For me, I believe in a God of whatever my own thing is."
“I don't believe in god. I don't believe in an afterlife. I don't believe in soul. I don't believe in anything. I think it's totally right for people to have their own beliefs if it makes them happy, but to me it's a pretty preposterous idea.”

— Joaquin Phoenix, Nylon Guys magazine, Winter 2008

Compiled by Bonnie Gutsch - www.ffrf.org

Elsa Lanchester

October 28, 2012

On this date in 1902, unorthodox actress Elsa Lanchester was born In London. Young Elsa studied to be a dancer under Isadora Duncan, then turned to acting as a teenager, debuting in films in 1924. Routinely described as a "dedicated nonconformist," Elsa married Charles Laughton in 1929, with whom she had an unorthodox marriage. Her splashy American debut was as the "Bride of Frankenstein" (1935). She played Anne of Cleves in "The Private Life of Henry VIII" (1933). Her many other films include: "Lassie Come Home" (1946), "The Spiral Staircase" (1947), "The Big Clock" (1949), "Come to the Stable" (1949), "Les Miserables" (1955), "The Glass Slipper" (1958), "Witness for the Prosecution" (1957), "Bell, Book & Candle," "Mary Poppins" (1964), "Pajama Party" (1965), "That Darn Cat" (1968), "Murder by Death" (1976, playing "Miss Marbles"), and "Die Laughing" (1980). She wrote the book Charles and Me (1939) and her autobiography, Elsa Lanchester Herself (1983). Ultra-religious actress Maureen O'Hara, in her own autobiography, mentions twice in that book that she disapproved of Elsa Lanchester because Elsa did not believe in God. D. 1986.
Compiled by Annie Laurie Gaylor - www.ffrf.org

Saturday, October 27, 2012

How Free Will Collides with Unconscious Impulses: Scientific American

How Free Will Collides with Unconscious Impulses: Scientific American
The battle between a Tyrannosaurus rex and a Triceratops must have been an amazing sight to behold, but the aftermath may have been incredible to see in its own right. A new investigation suggests that following his victory, T. rex would tear the head off to start eating!

Following analysis of bite marks on Triceratops skulls, Denver Fowler (Museum of the Rockies, Montana) and his team noticed a
couple of peculiarities. There were no signs of healing around any of the bite marks, suggesting they had occurred after the animal's death. Secondly, puncture wounds and deep parallel grooves on the frill seemed to make no sense - the frill would have been predominantly bone and keratin, which are not a major source of nutrients. They came to the conclusion that these marks were caused by re-positioning of the carcass. This idea was strengthened by bite marks on the head-neck ball-and-socket joint, something that could not happen with the head and frill still in place.

They've suggested four steps in a typical T. rex meal. First, the T. rex would get a strong grip on the frill, ready for ripping the head clean off (Step 2, seen left). The next move would be to delicately pick at the facial tissues, before moving on to the feast of nutrient-rich neck muscles. Fowler and his team have suggested the feeding behaviour of a T. rex may have changed as it reached adulthood, as the teeth of a young T. rex could not endure the same stress as those of an older T. rex. Fowler hopes to have more answers when he and his team publish their final paper.

Image credit: Nate Carroll.

http://www.nature.com/news/how-to-eat-a-triceratops-1.11650

http://www.livescience.com/24293-tyrannosaurus-eat-triceratops.html
The battle between a Tyrannosaurus rex and a Triceratops must have been an amazing sight to behold, but the aftermath may have been incredible to see in its own right. A new investigation suggests that following his victory, T. rex would tear the head off to start eating!

Following analysis of bite marks on Triceratops skulls, Denver Fowler (Museum of the Rockies, Montana) and his team noticed a couple of peculiarities. There were no signs of healing around any of the bite marks, suggesting they had occurred after the animal's death. Secondly, puncture wounds and deep parallel grooves on the frill seemed to make no sense - the frill would have been predominantly bone and keratin, which are not a major source of nutrients. They came to the conclusion that these marks were caused by re-positioning of the carcass. This idea was strengthened by bite marks on the head-neck ball-and-socket joint, something that could not happen with the head and frill still in place.

They've suggested four steps in a typical T. rex meal. First, the T. rex would get a strong grip on the frill, ready for ripping the head clean off (Step 2, seen left). The next move would be to delicately pick at the facial tissues, before moving on to the feast of nutrient-rich neck muscles. Fowler and his team have suggested the feeding behaviour of a T. rex may have changed as it reached adulthood, as the teeth of a young T. rex could not endure the same stress as those of an older T. rex. Fowler hopes to have more answers when he and his team publish their final paper.

Image credit: Nate Carroll.

http://www.nature.com/news/how-to-eat-a-triceratops-1.11650

http://www.livescience.com/24293-tyrannosaurus-eat-triceratops.html
The evolution from ape to man has always been a mystery. Some experts speculate that there is a "missing link" between humans and apes, like a new species of ape that completely removed itself from the trees and began to walk upright throughout the plains. Other experts believe that the change was much more gradual and complicated than we have ever imagined. It seems that the latter experts might
have been correct.

In 1974, a hominid nicknamed Lucy (Australopithecus afarensis) was discovered at Hadar in the Awash Valley of Ethiopia's Afar Depression. Lucy is thought to have lived around 3.2 million years ago, and her ape-like head and her human-light stature proved to be an important discovery in the hunt for humanity's ancestors. In 2000, a toddler specimen of Australopithecus afarensis was discovered in Ethiopia's Great Rift Valley. Although the hominid fossil dates back tens of thousands of years older than Lucy, scientists nicknamed the baby skeleton "Lucy's baby," since the fossil is more complete and gives us a better understanding of their anatomy. The baby hominid, later renamed Selam, proved to scientists that A. afarensis had not progressed beyond great apes at all; their intellect and brain size remained about the same, but their locomotion had changed, perhaps to fill a different niche outside of the forest.

So, is Australopithecus afarensis the absolute "missing link" when early humans stood upright and ran far from their protective forests? Not exactly. Although A. afarensis had legs capable of walking upright, they retained certain ape-like traits from the waist up. Zeresenay Alemseged, curator of anthropology at the California Academy of Sciences, and David Green, an assistant professor in the Department of Anatomy at Midwestern University, noticed that A. afarensis had the shoulder blades of an ape, and was completely capable of swinging from tree to tree. This means that Lucy, Selam, and their fellow kin were capable of living an arboreal lifestyle, perhaps to nest in trees or evade predators, as well as walking and running far distances on their hind legs. Thus, our ancestors did not quickly abandon their ape-like characteristics for bipedal locomotion... instead, these changes were gradual, and reflected adaptations to a wide variety of habitats. As our ancestors began to learn to use tools with their free forelimbs, they had better means to protect themselves from predators and survive. But until then, hominids like Lucy and Selam continued to take advantage of their ancestral ape characteristics to survive.

Sources:
http://news.discovery.com/human/human-ancestor-swung-in-trees-121025.html
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/09/060920-lucys-baby.html

Image credit: nationalgeographic.com
The evolution from ape to man has always been a mystery. Some experts speculate that there is a "missing link" between humans and apes, like a new species of ape that completely removed itself from the trees and began to walk upright throughout the plains. Other experts believe that the change was much more gradual and complicated than we have ever imagined. It seems that the latter experts might have been correct.

In 1974, a hominid nicknamed Lucy (Australopithecus afarensis) was discovered at Hadar in the Awash Valley of Ethiopia's Afar Depression. Lucy is thought to have lived around 3.2 million years ago, and her ape-like head and her human-light stature proved to be an important discovery in the hunt for humanity's ancestors. In 2000, a toddler specimen of Australopithecus afarensis was discovered in Ethiopia's Great Rift Valley. Although the hominid fossil dates back tens of thousands of years older than Lucy, scientists nicknamed the baby skeleton "Lucy's baby," since the fossil is more complete and gives us a better understanding of their anatomy. The baby hominid, later renamed Selam, proved to scientists that A. afarensis had not progressed beyond great apes at all; their intellect and brain size remained about the same, but their locomotion had changed, perhaps to fill a different niche outside of the forest.

So, is Australopithecus afarensis the absolute "missing link" when early humans stood upright and ran far from their protective forests? Not exactly. Although A. afarensis had legs capable of walking upright, they retained certain ape-like traits from the waist up. Zeresenay Alemseged, curator of anthropology at the California Academy of Sciences, and David Green, an assistant professor in the Department of Anatomy at Midwestern University, noticed that A. afarensis had the shoulder blades of an ape, and was completely capable of swinging from tree to tree. This means that Lucy, Selam, and their fellow kin were capable of living an arboreal lifestyle, perhaps to nest in trees or evade predators, as well as walking and running far distances on their hind legs. Thus, our ancestors did not quickly abandon their ape-like characteristics for bipedal locomotion... instead, these changes were gradual, and reflected adaptations to a wide variety of habitats. As our ancestors began to learn to use tools with their free forelimbs, they had better means to protect themselves from predators and survive. But until then, hominids like Lucy and Selam continued to take advantage of their ancestral ape characteristics to survive.

Sources:
http://news.discovery.com/human/human-ancestor-swung-in-trees-121025.html
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/09/060920-lucys-baby.html

Image credit: nationalgeographic.com